1) Describe how bacterial growth occurs, including how bacterial growth calculation are made using generation time and bacterial numbers, what the four phases of a growth curve are and what they look like, and what is happening at the cellular level during each of these phases. 2) Describe how ATP is made during prokaryotic aerobic respiration, including the processes of glycolysis, the transition step between glycolysis and the Krebs cycle, the electron transport chain, and ATP synthase, along with the roles of a proton gradient and electron carriers. 3) Describe how prokaryotic transcription and translation work to make proteins from DNA, including everything that happens with the template strand of DNA to make RNA and everything that happens with RNA at the ribosome to make protein. 4) Describe how the lactose operon works to regulate gene transcription based on levels of lactose and glucose, including the roles of allo lactose, the promoter, the operator, the repressor, RNA polymerase, the CAP, the CAP binding site, and cyclic AMP. 5) Describe how an adaptive immune response occurs against intracellular and extracellular pathogens, including the importance of and interactions between antigen presenting cells, B cells, T helper cells, cytotoxic T cells, MHC I and II, CD4and CD8, epitopes, B cell receptors, and T cell receptors. 6) Describe the four types of hypersensitivity reactions, including their mechanisms of action, what cell types are involved in each, how sensitizing and provocative doses work, and examples of diseases that can fit into the four types.