01

Introduction

05

Results

Non-hypothesized pre-post comparison that showed people felt less positive emotion after music. Positive: (t (47) = 5.13, p< .001), Negative: (t (47) = 0.02, p = .987)

· The results proved that sad music did not have a more negative impact on ruminators compared to non-ruminators. Positive: (t (46) = -1.99, p= .052) Negative: (t (46) = .92, p = .362)

· The second hypothesis was not correct because there was not a difference between people who did or didn’t enjoy listening to sad music. Positive: (t( 46) =0.08, p= .937), Negative: (t(46) = -.88, p= .386)

08

Future Directions

· Future studies can focus directly on the benefits of music on an individuals regardless of whether the music is sad or not.

· Future studies can focus on individuals suffering from mental illnesses such as depression and analyze whether sad or happy music is beneficial them.

07

Limitations

· Some participants did not return to the survey after listening to the song which means their answers could not be used.

· Another limitation was the statement of them finding a song that they believe is sad could have affected the responses as well

06

Discussion

· As hypothesized, ruminators recorded feeling worse after listening to the song they selected compared to how they were feeling at the beginning.

· In this current study and closely related to Papageorgiou and Wells (2001) study it was seen that ruminators believe that they are improving their mood by listening to sad music but they are actually making it worse.

· The results did not support the second hypothesis meaning that there wasn’t a difference between people who did and didn’t enjoy listening to sad music in regards to perceived benefit.

02

Method

34

Measures

Positive and Negative Affect Schedule–Modified PANAS (Hepler & Albarracín 2013) – Positive and Negative emotions were measured on a 40-item, 5 point Likert scale ranging from Strongly Disagree (1) to Strongly Agree (5)

Rumination–Reflection Questionnaire (Trapnell & Campbell 1999) – Whether an individual was a ruminator or non-ruminator was measured on a 24-item, 5 point Likert scale ranging from Strongly Disagree (1) to Strongly Agree (5)

Like Sad Music Scale (Garrido, & Schubert 2013) – Enjoyment of listening to sad music was measured on a 11-item, 5 point Likert scale ranging from Strongly Disagree (1) to Strongly Agree (5)

04

Hypotheses

· I hypothesize that sad music will have a more negative impact on ruminators compared to non-ruminators.

· I hypothesize that people who enjoy listening to sad music more experience more benefit.

Authors

Be proud of your work! Add the names of the people involved in this study. Don’t forget to include titles and honorifics. We’re proud of those too.

Affiliations

We’re also proud of the institutions that we are with and support our research. Let’s let them know by adding their names and logos here.

The Effects and Benefits of Music on Mood

Studies analyzing motivations for listening to sad music typically report claims by listeners that an improved mood is amongst the primary reasons for listening to sad music (Saarikallio, 2008; Saarikallio & Erkkilä, 2007; Van den Tol & Edwards, 2011). The effects or benefits of listening to sad music may not produce the same positive outcome for individuals that are considered emotionally stable compared to those suffering from depression or unhealthy thinking patterns such as ruminators. However, Papageorgiou and Wells (2001) found that despite the negative consequences of rumination, participants in their study believed that such behavior helped them to better understand past mistakes. This study will assess whether sad music has a negative impact on participant’s mood after listening to a song they believe is sad.

Figure 1: Means of Positive Terms Pre Music and Post Music

This study utilized a sample of 50 tudents recruited from Dominican University of California and other universities ranging from grades freshmen through seniors. Eligibility for this study includes having access to the internet and knowledge of music that is considered sad or can generate negative emotions.

35

15

Means of Negative Terms Pre Music and Post Music

Series 1 Pre Music Post Music 3.2 2.6

Series 1 Pre Music Post Music 2.8 2.8

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Participants suffering from Parkinson’s Disease serve as placebo effect test subjects. Each participant receives an effective drug valued at $100 per dose and then motor function changes are measured. After each participant receives an effective drug said to be valued at $1500 per dose, then their motor functions are measured again.

A comparison between motor function improvements following the administration of each placebo will help determine whether fictitious costs can influence the effectiveness of a placebo.

Method

The study found motor functions improve significantly more for participants following the administration of a reportedly $1500 placebo, compared to a reportedly $100 placebo.

While the degree of improvement in motor function for participants varied due to the administration of a $1500 placebo drug, all participants experienced improved

motor functions. A higher cost for a placebo will improve patients’ conditions even more.

Results

The Placebo Effect: Are Expensive Placebos More Effective Than Cheap Placebos?

Authors

Don’t forget the names of the research authors and co-authors. Use full names and include any titles or honorifics the authors may have, as well as the university or research institution they are representing.

Affiliations

Researches are often under or on behalf of a university, an organization, or academic/ research institutions. When available, include their logos with the names.

In what ways can fictitious costs impact the effectiveness of a placebo? To better understand how the ‘placebo effect’

takes place, we will provide placebos

of different reported costs

and measure their impact

on the patients.

Purpose

Providing placebos that are ‘expensive’ will amplify the placebo effect of actual placebos with participants.

Hypothesis

,

IMPORTANT!

Avoid using too much technical detail or using excessive jargon when presenting them.

01

Posters are popular method of presenting research findings in a concise and visually pleasing manner. They are commonly used in conferences and meetings. Start by introducing the subject of your research and/or your hypothesis. What are the questions about this topic that you want to answer? What new things can it contribute to the existing literature?

Introduction

67%

· Research is often built on something that is already out there. Cite key references that you looked at while conducting your study.

· Research is often built on something that is already out there. Cite key references that you looked at while conducting your study.

· Research is often built on something that is already out there. Cite key references that you looked at while conducting your study.

· Research is often built on something that is already out there. Cite key references that you looked at while conducting your study.

· Research is often built on something that is already out there. Cite key references that you looked at while conducting your study.

· Research is often built on something that is already out there. Cite key references that you looked at while conducting your study.

· Research is often built on something that is already out there. Cite key references that you looked at while conducting your study.

· Research is often built on something that is already out there. Cite key references that you looked at while conducting your study.

Related Literature

02

It is important for your readers to know what you want to achieve with your research. State this as clear as possible.

Objective

03

Let people know how you did your study. Methods can vary depending on the subject or results you want to see. These methods can include:

· Interviews

· Surveys

· Comparison studies

· Experiments

You can also show studies of existing literature that were used as references.

Methodology

04

Expand on your findings by discussing what methods were used to analyze your data. It can get technical so keep it simple and direct to the point. Use bullets for emphasis. Include key graphs, tables, illustrations, and other images that support the study and show a visual analysis of the data. Make sure they are large enough to be seen from a distance but not clutter the poster.

Analysis

Write a caption that will clearly explain what this graphic is about and how it relates to the study.

Use illustrations to showcase your data in a visual form.

Graphs are great in helping make numbers easier to understand.

Scientific research poster

Many technologies and breakthroughs would not be possible without research. It is important to keep members of the community informed about the latest updates. One way to do that is through research posters.

Be proud of your work! Add the names of the people involved in this study. Don’t forget to include titles and honorifics. We’re proud of those too.

Authors

We’re also proud of the institutions that we are with and support our research. Let’s let them know by adding their names and logos here.

Affiliations

05

Results show the outcome of the research and should answer the question or hypothesis stated in the introduction. State what you’ve found from your study. You can also list your findings in bullets.

Results/Findings

06

Summarize your study and let the viewers know two to three key findings. You can also add a description of each that can give them an idea of what comes next. This section can also include any implications of the study, and if there are any actions or recommendations for future study.

Conclusion

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Sales 1st Qtr 2nd Qtr 67 33

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